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Iatrogenic Artifact |
An iatrogenic artifact is a
disease made up by doctors, often a diagnostic trend or fad that
has become or is expected to become obsolete or discredited.
Examples of diseases considered or accused of being iatrogenic
artifacts include nymphomania, hystero-epilepsy, repressed
memory, autogynephilia, and multiple personality disorder. In
many cases, it has been shown that "experts" who believe in the
disease are able to observe or even induce symptoms matching the
disease's description in suggestible patients. In the case of
hystero-epilepsy, it was shown that moving those allegedly
afflicted with the disease into different settings made their
symptoms disappear. [Wikipedia] |
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Ichor
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Thin bad matter. [Buchan1798]
A watery, acrid discharge from a wound or ulcer; Pus. [Heritage]
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Ictal
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Relating to or caused by a stroke or seizure. [CancerWEB]
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Icterus
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A disease, the principal symptoms of which is yellowness of the
skin and eyes, with white feces and high-colored urine. It admits
of various causes; in fact, any thing which can directly or indirectly
obstruct the course of the bile, so that it is taken into the mass
of blood and produces the yellowness of surface; the bile being
separated by the kidneys, causes yellowness of urine, and its being
prevented from reaching the intestine occasions the pale colored
feces. [Dunglison1855].
The presence of jaundice seen in the sclera of the eye.
Jaundice. [CancerWEB]
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Icterus Albus
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The white
jaundice.
Chlorosis is sometimes so called. [Hooper1829]
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Icterus Gravis
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Jaundice associated with high fever and delirium; seen in severe
hepatitis and other diseases of the liver with severe functional
failure. [CancerWEB]
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Icterus Infantum
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Is a common affection, and frequently dependent upon obstruction
of the choledoch duct by the meconium. [Dunglison1868]
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Icterus Niger
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Black jaundice; so
called when the color is very dark. [Hoblyn1855] |
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Icterus Saturninus
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The earthy-yellow hue in saturine cachexy; Lead
Jaundice. [Dunglison1868]
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Icterus Viridis
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Icterus when the skin is of a green or olive hue; Green
Jaundice. [Dunglison1868]
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Ictus
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A sudden attack, blow, stroke, or seizure. [Dorland]
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Ictus Solis
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Coup de soliel.
Sunstroke; an effect produced by the rays of the sun upon the
body, as erysipelas, or inflammation of the brain or its
membranes. [Hoblyn1855]
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Idiot
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A person of profound mental retardation having a mental age below
three years and generally being unable to learn connected speech
or guard against common dangers. The term belongs to a classification
system no longer in use and is now considered offensive. [Heritage]
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Ignis Infernalis
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("Hell's Fire"), the
same as Erysipelas. [Medicinenet]
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Ignis Sacer
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("Sacred Fire"), the
same as Erysipelas. [Thomas1875].
Herpes zoster;
shingles. [Cleaveland1886].
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Ignis Sancti Antonii
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("Saint Anthony's
Fire"), a name for Erysipelas. [Thomas1875]
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Ignis Volaticus |
("Flying Fire"), a term for erysipelas.
[Thomas1875] |
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Ileus
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Costiveness, with
twisting about the umbilical region. It is also called the Iliac
Passion; Miserere, an invocation for pity, etc. [Hoblyn1855]
A disease characterized by deep-seated pain in the abdomen, stereoaceous
vomiting, and obstinate constipation. It is occasioned by hernia,
or other obstruction to the passage of feces through part of the
intestinal canal. The term Ileus has been applied to various affections
- to simple nervous colic, intussesception, and to strangulation
of the small intestine, etc. It is very dangerous. [Dunglison1874]
Iliac passion.
[Thomas1875].
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Iliac Passion |
A violent vomiting, in which the fęcal
portion of the food is voided by the mouth. It is produced by
many morbid conditions of the bowels, by inflammatory affections
of the abdominal viscera, and by hernię. [Hooper1829]
A disease characterized by severe griping
pain, vomiting of fecal matter, and costiveness, with retraction
and spasm of the abdominal muscles. [Thomas1875] |
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Illness
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Disease
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Ill Thing
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The King's evil or
St. Anthony's fire; also applied to any spontaneous sore.
[Elworthy1875]
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Imbecile
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A person of moderate to severe mental retardation having a mental
age of from three to seven years and generally being capable of
some degree of communication and performance of simple tasks under
supervision. The term belongs to a classification system no longer
in use and is now considered offensive. [Heritage]
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Impetigo
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A skin disease marked by small, irregularly circumscribed
pustules, chiefly on the extremities, slightly elevated, and
terminating in a laminated scab, unaccompanied by fever, and not
contagious; humid or running tetter. [Thomas1875]
A very contagious infection of the skin; common in children; localized
redness develops into small blisters that gradually crust and erode.
[Wordnet]
Information sheet from NYS Dept
of Health
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Imposthume
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A collection of
purulent matter. [Buchan1798]
A collection of pus or purulent matter in any part of an animal
body; an abscess. [Webster]
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Inanition
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Exhaustion for want of nourishment. To die
from inanition is to die from Exhaustion. [Dunglison1868].
The condition of being inane; emptiness; want
of fullness, as in the vessels of the body; hence, specifically,
exhaustion from want of food, either from partial or complete starvation,
or from a disorder of the digestive apparatus, producing the same
result. [Webster1913]
Example
from an 1898 Cemetery record
from Maine:
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Indigestion
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Lack of proper digestive action; a failure of the normal changes
which food should undergo in the alimentary canal; dyspepsia; incomplete
or difficult digestion. [Dorland]
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Induration
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The hardening of a normally soft tissue or organ, especially the
skin, because of inflammation, infiltration of a neoplasm, or an
accumulation of blood. [Dorland]
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Infantilism
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A state of arrested development in an adult, characterized by retention
of infantile mentality, accompanied by stunted growth and sexual
immaturity, and often by dwarfism. [Heritage]
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Infarction
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An area of tissue that undergoes necrosis as a result of obstruction
of local blood supply, as by a thrombus or embolus; Emphraxis. [Heritage]
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Infection
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Invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms causing inflammation.
[Wordnet].
The affection or contamination of a person,
organ, or wound with invading, multiplying, disease-producing germs
- such as bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses, molds, yeasts, and protozoa.
In the early part of the last century, infections were thought to
be the propagation of disease by effluvia from patients crowded
together. "Miasms" were believed to be substances which could not
be seen in any form - emanations not apparent to the senses. Such
miasms were understood to act by infection. [NGSQ1988].
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Infection of the Brain
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Meningitis
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Infectious Disease
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Caused by or capable of being communicated by infection. [Dorland]
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Infirmity
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The state of being weak in health or body (especially from old age)
[Wordnet]
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Inflammation
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A surcharge of blood,
and an increased action of the vessels, in any particular part
of the body. [Buchan1798]
A disease characterized by heat , pain, redness, attended with more
or less of tumefacation and fever. [Hooper1829]
A morbid condition of any part of the body, consisting in congestion
of the blood vessels, with obstruction of the blood current, and
growth of morbid tissue. It is manifested outwardly by redness and
swelling, attended with heat and pain. [Webster].
Redness, swelling, pain, tenderness, heat,
and disturbed function of an area of the body, especially as a reaction
of tissue to injurious agents. This mechanism serves as a localized
and protective response to injury. The word ending -itis denotes
inflammation on the part indicated by the word stem to which it
is attached - that is, appendicitis, pleuritis, etc. Microscopically,
it involves a complex series of events, including enlargement of
the sizes of blood vessels; discharge of fluids, including plasma
proteins; and migration of leukocytes (white blood cells) into the
inflammatory focus. In the last century, cause of death often was
listed as inflammation of a body organ - such as, brain or lung
- but this was purely a descriptive term and is not helpful in identifying
the actual underlying disease. [NGSQ1988].
"inflammation" was
first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1598.
[Webster]
Example
from an 1850 Mortality Schedule from Chicago:
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Abdominal Inflammation
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Encelitis
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Inflammation of the Belly
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Gastritis
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Inflammation of the Bladder
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Cystitis
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Inflammation of the Bones
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Felon
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Inflammation of the Bowels
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Appendicitis, as a distinct disease, was unrecognized; such cases
were diagnosed as inflammation of the bowels, and nearly all died.
[Hooper1822]
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Inflammation of the Brain
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Phrenitis
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Inflammation of the Colon
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Colitis
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Inflammation of the Eyes
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Ophthalmia
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Inflammation of the Head
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Meningitis
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Inflammation of the Heart
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Carditis
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Inflammation of the Intestines
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Enteritis
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Inflammation of the Kidney
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Nephritis
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Inflammation of the Liver
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Hepatitis
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Inflammation of the Lungs
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Pneumonia
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Inflammation of the Pleura
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Pleuritis
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Inflammation of the Spine
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Myelitis
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Inflammation of the Spleen
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Splenitis
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Inflammation of the Stomach
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Gastritis
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Inflammation of the Testicles
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Orchitis
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Inflammation of the Throat
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Quincy
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Inflammation of the Uterus
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Hysteritis
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Inflammation of the Womb
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Metritis
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Inflammatory
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Characterized or caused by inflammation. [Heritage]
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Inflammatory Fever
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A variety of fever due to inflammation. [Webster]
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Influenza
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- (The Italian word for influence.) The disease is so named
because it was supposed to be produced by a peculiar influence
of the stars. [Hooper1829].
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- Epidemic febrile catarrh. The
French call it la grippe, under which name Sauvages first
described the epidemic catarrhal fever of 1743. It was
formerly called coceoluche, "because the sick wore a cap
close over their heads." [Hoblyn1855]
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- A severe form of catarrh occurring epidemically, and generally
affecting a number of persons in a community. [Dunglison1868].
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- An acute contagious viral infection characterized by inflammation
of the respiratory tract and by fever, chills, muscular pain,
and prostration. Also called grippe. [Heritage].
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- "influenza" was first used: 1743. [Webster].
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Fact sheet from CDC
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Information sheet from
NYS Dept of Health
Example
from an 1899 Death Record
from England:
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Spanish Influenza
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Influenza that caused several waves of pandemic in 1918-1919, resulting
in more than 20 million deaths worldwide; it was particularly severe
in Spain (hence the name), but now is thought to have originated
in the U.S. As a form of swine influenza. [CancerWEB]
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Innutrition
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Deficiency of
nutrition. [Appleton1904].
Want of nutrition;
failure of nourishment. --E. Darwin. [Webster1913]
- "innutrition" origin: 1790-1800. [Random
House].
Example
from an 1882 Death
Certificate
from England:
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Insane / Insanity
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Persistent mental disorder or derangement. No longer in scientific
use. [Dorland]
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Insomnia
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Chronic inability to fall asleep or remain asleep for an adequate
length of time. [Heritage]
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Intermittent Fever
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Malarial Fever. Symptoms
recur every 48 hours. [CivilWarMed]
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Intestinal Fever
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Typhoid Fever
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Intussusception
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The abnormal reception or slipping of a part of a tube, by inversion
and descent, within a contiguous part of it; specifically, the reception
or slipping of the upper part of the small intestine into the lower;
introsusception; invagination. [Webster]
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Ischuria
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Retention of Urine. [Hooper1822].
Retention or
suppression of urine. [American Heriatge]
Stoppage or reduction
in the flow of urine either from blockage of a passage with
resulting retention in the bladder or from disease of the
kidneys. [Merriam Webster]
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Suppuration
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The formation or discharge of pus. [Heritage]
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Italian Disease
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Syphilis. The French
called it the Neapolitan or Italian disease.
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Itch
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A sensation in the skin occasioned (or resembling that occasioned)
by the itch eruption; called also scabies, psora, etc. [CancerWEB]
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